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Figure 8.1: | Signal path between a shipboard transmitter and a submarine receiver.
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Figure 8.2: | Discontinuity between two different transmission lines is analogous to that between two dissimilar media.
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Figure 8.3: | Ray representation of wave reflection and transmission at (a) normal incidence and (b) oblique indicence, and (c) wavefront representation of oblique incidence.
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Figure 8.4: | Two dielectric media separated by the x-y plane in (a) can be represented by the transmission-line alalogue in (b).
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Figure 8.5: | Antenna beam "looking" through an aircraft radome of thickness d (Example 8-1).
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Figure 8.6: | (a) Planar section of the radome of Fig. 8-5 at an expanded scale and (b) its transmission-line equivalent model (Example 8-1).
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Figure 8.7: | Normal incidence at a planar boundary between two lossy media.
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Figure 8.8: | Standing-wave patterns for fields E1(z,t) and H1(z,t) of Example 8-3.
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Figure 8.9: | Wave reflection and refraction at a planar boundary between different media.
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Figure 8.10: | Snell's law.
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Figure 8.11: | The exit angle is equal to the incidence angle if the dielectric slab has parallel boundaries and is surrounded by the same index of refraction on both sides (Example 8-4).
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Figure 8.12: | Waves can be guided along optical fibers as long as the reflection angles exceed the critical angle for total internal reflection.
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Figure 8.13: | Distortion of rectangular pulses caused by modal dispersion in optical fibers.
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Figure 8.14: | The plane of incidence and the definition perpendicular polarization and parallel polarization.
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Figure 8.15: | Perpendicularly polarized plane wave incident at an angle  i upon a planar boundary.
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Figure 8.16: | Parallel polarized plane wave incident at an angle i upon a planar boundary.
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Figure 8.17: | Plots for reflection coefficients for dry soil surface, wet-soil surface, and a water surface.
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Figure 8.18: | Reflection and transmission of an incident circular beam illuminating a spot of size A on the interface.
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Figure 8.19: | Angular plots for parallel-polarized reflectivity and transmissivity for an air-glass interface.
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Figure 8.20: | A plane wave incident upon an opaque screen with opening of diameter d.
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Figure 8.21: | The image-formation process due to reflection from a plane mirror.
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Figure 8.22: | Image location and orientation are determined by ray optics and Snell's law of reflection.
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Figure 8.23: | Image formation by (a) a concave mirror and (b) a convex mirror.
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Figure 8.24: | A source point at infinity is imaged at the focal point F of the mirror. The focal length f = R/2.
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Figure 8.25: | Convex and concave lenses of various shapes.
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Figure 8.26: | Spherical waves radiated by a source at O are refracted by the spherical boundary of medium 2 (with n2 > n1).
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Figure 8.27: | Ray refraction at a spherical boundary.
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Figure 8.28: | Image formation by a thin lens.
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Figure 8.29: | Image I2 of object O can be determined by first locating image I1 formed by surface S2 of the lens and then using I1 as the object for surface S2.
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Figure 8.30: | Rotation between object and image for a thin lens.
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Figure 8.31: | An object at infinity is imaged at the focal point, as in (a) and (b), and if the object is at the focal point, as in (c) and (d), it is imaged at infinity.
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Figure 8.32: | Dielectric layers for Problems 8.9 to 8.11.
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Figure 8.33: | Prism of Problem 8.17.
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Figure 8.34: | Prism of Problem 8.18.
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Figure 8.35: | Periscope prisms of Problem 8.19.
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Figure 8.36: | Light incident on a screen through a multi-layered dielectric (Problem 8.20).
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Figure 8.37: | Apparent position of the air bubble in Problem 8.21.
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Figure 8.38: | Oil drop on the flat surface of a glass semicylinder (Problem 8.22).
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Figure 8.39: | Imaging configuration of Problem 8.35.
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Figure 8.40: | Two lenses in contact. The lenses are so thin that they may be considered to be at the same location (Problem 8.46).
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Figure 8.41: | Imaging configuration of Problem 8.47.
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